These Timelines are a detailed look at the time and the influence of Cycles. Significant events of the decade are analyzed through Twelve categories that serve as a kaleidoscopic lens through time, (see the clickable links above), as well as the position of Cycles at the time, (see the clickable folder links in the upper left corner). You can read and link up and down vertically through this Timeline, or, you can go any Category and link horizontally to the same Category in other Timelines (links are provided at the head of each Category). This cross linking is designed to provide a fast and easy way to make reading fun and interesting.
See the go to Overview here link near the top for a brief look at Cycles for this decade.
See the Matrix links above left for navigating through all Overviews and Timelines by Time, Subject, or Cycle as described in Introduction to Part II).
Note to readers: Work from the Kala-Rhythm
archives is being offered here in the Timelines for the first time. We are
allowing a view into the Timelines now by posting both the finished and the
unfinished pages of the Timelines as editing from our references continues.
Unfinished pages (like this one) contain raw data from history sources to which
we give credit in our "biblio/webography". Check back for updates to this and other pages.
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11/6/60 Abraham Lincoln is elect
Pres w a clear majority of the electoral college votes but only a plurality of
the popular votes. Although Lincoln has deliberately muffled his message
of attacking slavery, there is no mistaking the fact that for the first time in
its history the US has a president of a party that declares that “the normal
condition of all the territory of the US is that of freedom.” Within days
of Lincoln’s election Southern leaders are speaking of secession as an
inevitable necessity, yet some, such as Alexander H. Stevens, give
anti-secession speeches and urge state legislatures to support the Constitution.
1861 Kansas becomes 34th state.
1861 Congress creates Dakota,
Colorado, and Nevada Territories.
1861 West VA breaks away from VA
it becomes the 35th state in 1863
1861 First fed income tax
of 3% on incomes over $800 is enacted. Increased in the following years, it
supplies about on fifth of the fed government revenues by 1865.
1861 Congress abolishes flogging
in the Army.
1/9/61 A state convention in
Miss votes to secede fr the Union
1/10/61 Florida secedes
from the Union
1/11/61 Alabama secedes
1/19/61 Georgia secedes from the
Union
1/26/61 Louisiana secedes
from the Union
1/29/61 Kansas admitted as a
slave-free state to the Union, becoming the 34th state
2/4/61 At a convention in
Montgomery, Alabama, delegates from the seceding state - currently Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Miss, South Carolina - meet to form the provisional
government of the Confederate States of Am. Meanwhile, in an effort to
forestall hostilities, a peace convention, called by VA, meets in Wash.
The convention fails in its attempts to propose compromise leg.
2/9/61 The Confederate
Provisional Congress elects Jefferson Davis Pres and declares that laws of the
US Constitution not inconsistent w the new Confederate Constitution are to
remain in force.
2/18/61 In Montgomery,
Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated President of the Confederate States of
America. “Dixie,” the unofficial anthem of the South, is played at the
ceremonies.
2/23/61 Texas secedes from the
Union.
3/11/61 Having been
informed by Pres Lincoln that provisions are on the way to Federal Fort Sumter,
South Carolina demands the immediate surrender of the garrison.
3/3/63 The Idaho Territory
is formed from part of the New Mexico Territory.
4/12/61 The war begins
when South Carolina forces, under the direction of Gen Beauregard, fire on Fort
Sumter. The Union commander there, having suffered no casualties but
lacking supplies, surrenders on April 13.
4/17/61 In the wake of
Fort Sumter, other Southern states will secede; this day VA becomes the eighth.
5/6/61 Arkansas
secedes from the Union.
5/20/61 North Carolina
secedes from the Union.
8/5/61 To aid in
financing the war, the US Congress passes the first income tax law. Gov
calls for volunteers increase steadily from three moths to two years.
1863 Congress creates
the Arizona and Idaho Territories.
2/24/63 The Arizona
Territory is formed from part of the New Mexico Territory.
6/20/63 Pro-Union West
VA is admitted as the 35th states, its constitution mandating gradual
emancipation of slaves.
1864 Nevada becomes
26th state.
1864 Montana Territory
formed from part of Idaho Territory.
1864 Cheyenne and
Arapaho warriors, women, and children are massacred at San Creek, Colo.
1864 "In God We
Trust," appears on a US coin, the 2 cent piece, for the first time.
1865 Colorado militia
suppress the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians who have been on the warpath.
4/8/65 Lee surrenders
to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Va. As Lincoln requested, the terms
are generous: Confederate officers and men are free to go home w their own
horses and officers may retain sidearms; all equipment is to be surrendered.
1866 Eighteen hundred
Irish Americans, part of the Fenian movement to free Ireland from Brit, cross
the Niagara R and defeat Canadian militia. They are arrested by US officials but
released. Raids continue to 1871, drawing attention to the Fenian cause.
1866 US government
tries to build road from Fort Laramie to the mines of Montana across the Sioux
Indians' hunting founds. Sioux massacre US troops at Ft. Philip Kearny, Wyo.
1867 US buys Alaska
from Russia for $7.2 mil (less than two cents an acre) through the efforts of
Secretary of State William H. Seward.
1867 Congress sets up
reservations in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) for the Five Civilized Tribes
(Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles).
1860 Sen. John
J. Crittenden proposes resolution for amending the Constitution in order to
conciliate the North and south. The Crittenden Compromise, calling for 36
degrees 30 minutes parallel as the boundary between free and slave states, is
rejected by Lincoln and by congress in 1861.
1860 South Carolina
secedes from the Union, affirming the doctrine of states; rights and condemning
the North's and Lincoln's attack on slavery.
1860 South Carolina
troops capture the US arsenal at Charleston.
1861 Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina,
and Tennessee secede from the Union.
1861 Confederate
States of Am, a new Southern union, is formed in Montgomery, Ala. Jefferson
Davis and Alexander H. Stephens are elected Pres and VP, respectively.
1861 Confederates fire
on Fort Sumter, Charleston, SC, forcing Union troops to evacuate. US Civil War
begins.
1861 Pres Lincoln
proclaims blockade of Confederate ports.
1861 Confederates
defeat Union troops at the First Battle of Bull Run, Manassas, Virginia.
1862 Union forces
capture Forts Henry and Donelson and defeat the Conf army at Pea Ridge,
Arakansas.
1862 Union fleet under
Admiral David G. Farragut defeats Confederate fleet near the mouth of the
Mississippi and captures New Orleans.
1862 Union army of
Tennessee under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant forces Confederates to withdraw at the
Battle of Shiloh, Tenn.
1862 Union forces
under Gen. George B. McClellan and Conf forces under Gen. Robert E. Lee engage
in inconclusive Seven Day's Battles in Virginia
1862 Confederates
under Gen. Stonewall Jackson and Gen. Lee defeat Union forces at the Second
Battle of Bull Run, Va.
1862 Gen. Lee's
invasion of the North is halted by Gen. McClellan at the Battle of Antietam, Md.
Gen. Lee wins the Battle of Fredericksburg, Va.
1863 Conf army under
Gen. Lee defeats Union army at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Va. Gen. Lee
begins invasion of the North.
1863 Union forces
under Gen. George G. Meade defeat Confederate forces under Gen. Lee at the
Battle of Gettysburg. Pa. Gen. Lee retreats into Virginia.
1863 Union forces
under Gen. Grant capture Vicksburg. Miss.
1863 Union forces are
beaten at the Battle of Chickamauga, Ga. but win the Battle of Chattanooga,
Tenn.
1863 Pres.
Lincoln offers amnesty to all Southerners taking Loyalty oath.
1863 First Union
conscription act makes all mew 20 to 35, and unmarried men to 45 years old,
subject to military service. It is easy to avoid actual service, though, by
paying $300 for a substitute to enlist for 3 years.
1864 General Grant is
made Commander-in-Chief of the Union armies.
1864 Armies of Grant
and Lee fight the inconclusive, but destructive, Battles of the Wilderness,
Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor in Va. Union army suffers far greater casualties
than Conf.
1864 Union army under
Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman captures and burns Atlanta. Sherman's army marches
through Georgia to the sea, destroying everything in its path, and captures
Savannah.
1864 Union army
defeats Conf army at Nashville, Tenn.
1864 Union Navy under
Admiral Farragut defeats Conf navy at the Battle of Mobile Bay, Ala. Conf
blockade-running is stifled in the Gulf.
1864 Lincoln
(Republican) wins reelection as Pre., defeating Gen. McClellan (Democrat),
Andrew Johnson is elected VP on the Republican ticket.
1865 Gen. Sherman's
army marches northward through South and North Carolina. Ravaging the country.
Confederates evacuate Columbia and Charleston, SC.
1865 Lee is made
General-in-Chief of all Confederate armies.
1865 Deprived of food
and supplies and caught between Sherman in the south and Grant in the north,
Confederates under Lee abandon Petersburg and Richmond and retreat westward.
1865 Union forces
under Grant pursue and surround Lee, who surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court
House, Va. Other Conf armies follow suit. Civil War ends.
1866 Congress
authorizes the issuance of a 5 cent coin, known as a "nickel." Piece is minted
of copper and nickel with not more than 25% nickel.
6/16/66 Congress
proposes the Fourteenth Amendment. so far the Thirteenth Amendment has
freed the slaves and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 has buttressed civil laws to
protect freed men. But Congress is still uneasy about readmitting the
rebellious states to gull representation. Lurid stories of ugly treatment
of blacks by whites fill the newspapers. The Joint Committee on
Reconstruction, led by the radical Republicans, now brings forth the Fourteenth
Amendment to provide constitutional definitions of civil rights.
1867 Nebraska becomes
37th state.
3/1/67 Nebraska is the
37th state to be admitted to the Union.
1868 Congress readmits
Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Fl, Ala, and La, to the
Union.
1868 Burlingame Treaty
between the US and China encourages Chinese immigration to the West.
1868 Wyoming Territory
is formed out of parts of the Dakota, Utah, and Idaho Territories.
1868 General Ulysses
S. Grant and Indian Representative Schuyler Colfax are elected President and
Vice-President, respectively, on the Republican ticket.
11/3/68 It is a
landslide victory for Gen Ulysses S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax. They win
by 214 electoral votes over 80 for Seymour and Blair.
2/24/69 Under rising
pressure from industrialists, the Morrill Tariff Act is enacted by congress to
protect US manufacturers even though they are not in a particularly vulnerable
position. More costly imports impose additional burdens on the poor.
5/15/69 Inspired by a
patchwork quilt of political successes across the country in the form of voting
rights and election to public office, women form the National Woman Suffrage
Association. This group will press for voting rights at the federal level.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton is elected pres.
10/10/69 In keeping w
the ever-greater freedom allowed the pioneer women of the West, Wyoming
Territory passes the first law in the US giving women the right to vote.
1/19/69 The Am
Equal Rights Assoc meets in Wash DC. It is the beg of an org women’s
movement. Susan Brownell Anthony is elected pres.
| 1. Political 1860s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
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Physical High |
(1859 - 1873) |
4/11/65 In his last pub
address, Pres Lincoln urges reconstruction in the spirit of generous
conciliation. He voices similar sentiments to his Cabinet on the
morning of April 14.
5/29/65 Johnson
begins to put his own reconstruction plan into effect. He prefers to
call I “Restoration.” The essential difference between his plan and
the subsequent one which Congress will devise is the lack of protection for
civil rights for blacks. Johnson sees the Southern states as part of a
federation, whereas the reconstruction plan devised piecemeal by Congress
will attack them as having committed ”state suicide,” as needing to be
punished for their rebellion, and requiring a strong Northern hand to
prevent excesses toward freed blacks. Johnson names a provisional
governor for North Carolina to help reorganize and prepare the state for
re-entry into Congress. It is one of the first acts in the long
struggle for what Johnson calls “restoration” and Congress calls
“reconstruction.”
12/12/65 The Senate
agrees to a joint committee on Reconstruction. Wm P. Fessenden of
Maine will be name chairman of the Senate committee.
3/30/67 The US
purchases Alaska from Russia.
8/28/67 The Midway
Island in the Pacific are annexed by the US. Captain Wm Reynolds of
the “Lacawanna” is put in charge of occupation formalities.
7/13/69 Riots
against the Chinese take place in San Francisco. Chinese laborers have
come into the US in increasing numbers. Not speaking he language, and
willing to work extremely well for the lowest wages, the Chinese call forth
great anger from competing groups of laborers. They are discriminated
against in their social life, beaten up at work and often involved in bloody
riots such as this one in San Francisco.
| 1. Political 1860s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
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Emotional High |
(1847 - 1865) |
3/19/60 Elizabeth Cady
Stanton appears before the NY State leg to promote the cause of women's
suffrage.
8/5/64 With the
famous phrase, “Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead!” - or something to
that general effect - Federal Admiral David Farragut leads his flagship into
Mobile Bay, Alabama. On Aug 23 the port is taken and closed to
Southern blockade runner, further choking the South’s critical supply line.
1864 “In God We
Trust” appears on US coins for the first time. In his presidential
campaign. Lincoln coins the phrase, “it was not best to swap horses
while crossing the stream.”
2/27/69
The Fifteenth Amend is proposed by Congress. Increasingly worried
about violence in the South, but reluctant to bring about more stable
conditions by increasing army control, Congress resorts to another
constitutional Amend. these recent amendments will apply to all US
citizens, although they emerge out of the immediate needs of the black
freedmen of the South. The Fifteenth Amendment is in tow sections: “I.
The right of citizens of the US or by any State on account of race, color or
previous condition of servitude. 2. Congress shall have power to
enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”: Despite an already
active agitation on the part of women, the word “sex” is omitted.
| |
Emotional Downward Crossover |
(March 21, 1865- March 21, 1866) |
1865 Pres. Lincoln is shot
and killed by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater, Wash DC, Johnson is
inaugurated as Pres.
4/14/65 While
watching a comedy at Ford’s Theater in Wash, Pres Lincoln is mortally
wounded by actor and Sothern patriot John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln dies
early the next morning at the age of 56. He is the first Pres to be
assassinated. Secretary Seward is stabbed by a co-conspirator.
2/19/66 The
authority of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands is
extended and expanded by an Act of Congress. The Freedmen’s Bureau had
been formed by Lincoln in the spring of 1865. Congress has become
increasingly concerned over the condition, treatment and rights of blacks.
Reacting to the nefarious Black Codes with which the South is attempting to
subjugate the blacks, Congress strengthens the powers of the bureau, giving
it jurisdiction over anyone depriving blacks of their civil rights.
The bureau is also to continue to give relief in the form of food, clothing
and shelter to those in need. To northern dismay, including moderate
Johnson supporters, the president vetoes the bill. He explains that it
is unconstitutional , since it expands federal jurisdiction in states which
have not been permitted representation in Congress. In his view the states
have been legitimately restored to the Union and should be seated. If
Johnson had maintained his stance at this constitutional level, he might
have rallied congressional support. Instead he went on to clarify his
position: the freedmen, he explained, should manage “though their own
merits and exertion.” Johnson’s veto is met with boos and hisses.
Congress will override on 10 July 1866.
4/9/66 The Civil
Rights Bill of 1866 is enacted by Congress. Noting the flagrant breach of
the spirit of the Thirteenth Amendment by southerners who have been slowly
forcing blacks back into a condition bordering on slavery, northerners
propose to buttress the amendment w the Civil Rights Bill. It grant full
citizenship to all person born on US soil *Indians, not taxable, excepted).
All citizens are to have equal rights to enforce contracts, to sue, to give
evidence, to buy property - in effect to have all the civil laws a full
citizen is entitled to. It is moderate although precise in tone.
If Johnson accepts it, he might regain some of his lost leadership.
Rutherford G. Hayes, later to become President himself, but now Congressman,
writes: “If he sings, the chances are that a compete rupture will be
avoided. Otherwise, otherwise.” To the dismay of all parties,
Johnson vetoes the bill. Johnson arms himself w some sound
constitutional arguments: it will dim shish the rights of states to make
their own laws, it will weaken the limits to fed power. It will
provide “security for the colored race, safeguards which go infinitely
beyond any that the General Government has ever provided for the white
race.” Congress, still reluctant to challenge the Pres directly ,
nonetheless overrides the veto by one vote. The galleries erupt in
noisy glee. The executive will now be bypassed in all essential
federal considerations. In an intense power struggle Congress has come
out on top.
2/22/66 A group of
Jonson supporters, called “copperheads” by disgusted radicals, marches to
the White House to show its delight in Johnson’s veto. In the light of
a candle, Johnson puts on such an extraordinary performance that Washington
concludes he must have been drunk. Says John Sherman, Sean from Ohio:
“There is no true friend of Andrew Johnson who would not be willing to wipe
out that speech from the pages of history.” First he reads from a
prepared text, then he ad-libs, vilifying the Rep opponents, calling them
traitors. When egged on by the crowd, he names Thaddeus Stevens and
Charles Sumner as two of the traitors. The crowd loves it, but it is
to be a turning point in Johnson’s fortunes. His behavior this evening
decisively erodes his support in Congress, leaving the field to men who have
neither links nor sympathies with Southern white cause.
| |
Emotional 3rd Qtr. Review |
(1865 - 1874) |
1865 Thirteenth Amendment to
the Constitution, abolishing slavery, is ratified by 27 states, including
eight formerly Conf states.
1866 Congress
passes Civil Rights Act over Pres. Johnson's veto.
1866 Congress
passes Fourteenth Amendment, which contains the "due process" and equal
protection" clauses securing the civil rights of Negroes.
1866 Congress
passes Freedman's Bureau Bill over Pres. Johnson's veto. Military can try
person accused of depriving newly freed Negroes of their civil rights.
1866 Congress
passes a Civil Rights Act, which treats the same rights to all natural-born
Americans (except Indians), including Negroes, who had been denied such
rights.
1867 Congress
passes tenure of Office Act over Pres. Johnson's veto. It forbids the Pres
to remove any officials without the consent of the Senate.
1868 Pres. Johnson
is impeached by the House of Reps for violating the Tenure of Office Act and
for abusing his veto power. He is tried and acquitted by the Senate.
1868 Fourteenth
Amend ratified by 29 states.
1868 Congress
passes bill providing eight-hour working day for federal employees.
1869 Congress
adopts Fifteenth Amend, stating that the right to vote shall not be denied
or abridged because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
1869 Prohibition
Party is founded in Chicago. It supports the temperance cause-Legislative
prohibition of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic
beverages.
1869 Wyoming
Territory grants women the right to vote (suffrage) and to hold public
office. National Woman Suffrage Ass, led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth
Cady Stanton, and the Am Woman Suffrage Ass, led by Lucy Stone, are
separately org to work for women's voting rights.
It was Susan B.
Anthony who gave direction to the movement. Forming and reforming, always
under her influence, women's groups successfully campaigned for voting
rights at all levels of government. And it was the 19th Amendment, first
broached in 1869, and often called the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, which
gave coherence to the movement for 50 years.
| 1. Political 1860s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| |
Intellectual XXXward Crossover |
(March 21, 1863- March 21, 1864) |
7/1-3/63 The Battle of
Gettysburg, one of the most devastating of the confect and the turning point
of the war, sees the Southern Army defeated by the superior numbers and
strong defensive positions of the Union Army. On the third day Lee, in
one of his rare mistakes, orders the disastrous attack on impregnable Union
lines that comes to be known as “Pickett’s Charge” (though that
general does not lead it). The South withdraws having lost nearly
28,000 casualties to the Union’s 23,000. Never again will the South
have the strength to mount an offensive into the North.
7/4/63 Lee’s
defeated army begins its retreat to Virginia.
7/4/63 The siege of
Vicksburg, Miss, ends w Grant coolly demanding “immediate and unconditional
surrender” and getting it (thus acquiring the occasional nickname
“Unconditional Surrender” Grant). Over 29,000 Rebel troops surrender w
the city, giving the Union control of the Miss R and splitting the
Confederacy north to south.
7/8/63 Port Hudson,
Miss, the last major Confederate stronghold on the Miss R, surrenders to the
Union forces after a six-week siege.
7/13-16/63
Resentment of the Union Conscription Act boils over into violence as NY sees
four days of draft riots, a largely Irish-American mob pillaging property
and lynching blacks. The riots are quelled by Federal troops.
| 1. Political 1860s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
| |
Physo-Intellectual
High |
(1863 - 1873) |
1869
Congress enacts Public Credit Act, which provides for payment of US debts in
gold. Greenbacks (paper money) worth $356 million are left in circulation.
| |
Physical High with
Emotional Low |
(1859 - 1865) |
12/21/66 The ongoing war against the Indians leads to
constant skirmishing. Gen Patrick E. Connors, expressing the
exasperation that whites feel over the Indian question, declares that
Indians living north of the Platte R :must be hunted like wolves.”
Organizing a three-column march on the area known as Crazy Woman’s Fork of
the Powder River in the Black Hills of Dakota, his orders are to attack and
kill every male Indian over the age of 12. The Sioux defend their
traditional hunting grounds. On Dec 21 they defeat Colonel William
Judd Fetterman at Fort Kearney on the Bozeman gold trail in Montana
Territory, Eighty whites are killed and settlers are predictably furious.
| |
Physical High with
Emotional
3rd Qtr. Review |
(1865 - 1873) |
1867 Congress passes three
Reconstruction Acts over Pres. Johnson's vetoes. Act divide the South
(except Tenn.) into five military districts in which army commanders control
voter eligibility and registration.
3/5/68 The Senate
chambers are arranged for the awesome trial. The Senate will sit as
the jury; the House will act as the prosecutor; the Supreme Court, in the
person of Chief Justice Chase, will be the judge. Scalpers get
exaggerated amounts for gallery seats. Police roam the tense galls of
the Capitol. All the unhappiness and disappointments relating to
Reconstruction are now projected onto the stolid, well-meaning, though
partisan, pres and much malice is intertwined with the proceedings.
People such as the dying Thaddeus Stevens, who believes blacks will soon be
disenfranchised if something drastic is not done, add vehemence to the
drama. Stevens warns that anyone voting to acquit will be “tortured on
the gibbet of everlasting obloquy.”
3/16/68 The
strategic vote indicating whether the thrust against Johnson will succeed or
fail is scheduled fro this day. (etc. etc. etc.)
5/28/69 The final
vote for acquittal formally ends the impeachment trial of President Andrew
Johnson.
| |
Physo-Intellectual
Dbl. 1st Qtr. Foundation
Emotional High |
(1863 - 1865) |
1/1/63 The Emancipation
Proclamation takes effect. Although historically a monumental step in
ending slavery, it actually frees no slaves at this time, since it applies
only to areas not under Union control, and exempts the four loyal
slave states and areas of the South under Federal occupation. The
Confederacy views the proclamation as confirming its view of Lincoln as a
hypocritical anti-Southern abolitionist.
| |
Trirhythmic High |
(1863 - 1865) |
1863 At dedication
of national cemetery at the Gettysburg battlefield, Pres. Lincoln gives his
"Gettysburg Address."
11/19/63 Pres
Lincoln delivers his Gettysburg Address, dedicating a military cemetery on
the blood-stained Pa battlefield. He prophesies that the “honored
dead” of both sides “shall not have died in vain,” that there will be “a new
birth of freedom’ and that government of the people, by the people, for the
people, shall not perish from the earth.” With less accuracy, he also
predicts, “the world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here.”
The Address is to become one of the immortal utterances of human history.
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1862 Congress
authorizes the first US legal tender bank notes; by 1865 more than $400 mil in
"greenbacks" have been issued.
| 2. Business & Economy 1860s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| |
Physical High |
(1859 - 1873) |
1860 Cotton prod in the US us
more than 2 billion pounds per year.
2/22/60 A major
strike in Lynn, Mass, shoe factories results in higher wages for workers.
1863 Pacific
Railway Act authorizes the Union Pacific Railroad to build a line from
Nebraska to Utah to meet the Central Pacific, which is building eastward
from Ca.
1864 Unionism
spreads w the org of the Cigar Makers and Iron Molders.
1866 National Labor
Union is org in Baltimore, Maryland. Ira Steward and George McNeil lead the
movement for and 8-hr workday.
3/2/67 Congress
removes excise taxes imposed during the war, and exempts incomes under 1000
dollars from taxation.
1868 The Chisolm
Trail. Jesse Chisolm was a half-breed - half Scot and half Cherokee.
He is remembered for having traced out the most famous of all cattle trails,
the legendary Chisolm, named after hem. The trail was begun in 1867
when Chisolm mapped out the flattest route between south-central Kansas and
his own place on the Canadian River. The Chisolm had supplanted the
earlier Shawnee Trail, which had led to St. Louis and the earlier shipping
points to eastern markets, by the time that Joseph McCoy offered forty
dollars a head for cattle arriving at his new town. Abilene, Kansas.
Sometimes as many as 28 herds would start the trail in a day, each head
numbering somewhere between 1000 and 3000 head of cattle. The opening
of the Chisolm Trail marked the beg of the Ranger’s frontier. When, 20
years later, the railroad had spread its tentacles north and south from the
transcontinental line, it signaled the end of the Chisolm. The Ranger
frontier was officially declared dead in the mid-1880s.
1868 Congress
passes a bill limiting the work hours of federally employed laborers and
mechanics to an 8-hour day. The concept was still something new, although
ineffectual 8-hour laws had been passed in Illinois, NY and Missouri.
3/18/69 The Public
Credit Act is adopted by congress. the Act stipulates that payment of
government bonds be mad in gold. The so-called “Ohio Idea,” which was
a pro-inflationary plank in the Democratic platform, had backed the printing
of more “greenbacks.” Congress repudiates the paper-money solution,
but does not resolve the currency argument - for instance, what to do with
the #356.000.000 in still-circulating “greenbacks.”
| |
Physical 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1859 - 1866) |
7/1/62 Congress passes the
Pacific Railway Act, authorizing construction of the first transcontinental
railroad. The Union Pacific, building west, and the Central Pacific,
building east, will connect in Utah in 1869.
1863 A pioneering
labor union is formed, the Brotherhood of Railway Locomotives Engineers.
1864 Bessemer steel
is first made in the US in Michigan
| |
Physical 2nd Qtr. Expansion |
(1866 - 1873) |
2/2/69 James Oliver
patents the chilled iron plow. This plow improved on John Deere’s
original round-bladed plow. After 12 years of searching, Oliver
produces a tool made of a body of good iron w a hardened surface to
which was fitted a cutting edge of tempered steel. The edge can be
removed for sharpening. The blade will help make homesteading
possible on the hard prairie, where temperatures range fr 100 degrees in
summer to 40 below in winter.
5/10/69 The first
rail line to cross the contentment is completed. As a Union Pacific
engine bumps “cowcatchers” w the engine fro the Central Pacific Railroad,
the news is flashed by telegraph and the nation celebrates fro coast to
coast. Aside from America’s tapping of its own vast resources, a
railroad network will be the single most influential factor in the emergence
of the new industrial age.
| 2. Business & Economy 1860s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| 2. Business & Economy 1860s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| |
Intellectual 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1863 - 1874) |
1863
Traveler's Insurance Company is founded in Hartford, Conn. as the first
traveler's accident insurance company. [what mo.?]
| 2. Business & Economy 1860s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
| |
Physical High with
Intellectual 1st Qtr.
Foundation |
(1863 - 1873) |
The next
time the intellectual cycle was in the first quarter, the physical cycle was
near its peak. In 1869 the Knights of Labor was formed and became the first
major organization to expand beyond regional membership.
| |
Internal Aberration |
(XXX) |
9/24/69 This day will become known as Black Friday.
Despite Pres Grant’s refusal to cooperate w stock manipulators Jay Gould and
James Fisk, Jr., they spread the word that he will prevent the sale of
government gold. Grant himself has been led to believe the sale would harm
farmers and small businessmen. Wining and dining hem, Gould and Fisk
reinforce him in this idea. The price of gold rises to panic-causing
heights as the gold necessary for day-to-day business operation goes out of the
reach of small merchants. Slow-thinking Grant finally realizes the
disastrous nature of the scheme and belatedly orders release of $4,000,000 in
gold. This offsets a cornering of the market, and bullion plunges from 162
to 135. Small and large investors are caught in the aftermath of the
ruinous adventure, and a tarnished Grant emerges as a crony of crooks.
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1860 A $5 chemistry set, the
"Youth's Chemical Cabinet," is advertised as being perfectly safe. The set
includes experiments, none of which calls for strong acids or other dangerous
materials.
1860 Gray reviews
Darwin's "Origin of the Species," gives his approval, and becomes a major Am
supporter of the theories of evolution.
1860 Louis Agassiz,
though his earlier work (1857) seemed to support evolution, bitterly attacks
Darwin's theories. He rejects the idea that all animals have a common ancestor,
and lists breaks or "missing links" in the evolutionary chain.
1860 Alvan Clark,
Massachusetts. astronomer, discovers that Sirius is a binary (double) star.
1861 Mathew B. Brady,
photographer, starts a photographic record of the Civil War.
1861 Holmes invents the
stereoscope.
1861 Telegraphs wire
are strung between NY and San Francisco, making instant coast-to-coast
communication possible.
1862 Abraham Jacobi,
"Father of Am Pediatrics," opens America's first children's clinic in NYC.
| 3. Science & Technology 1860s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
March 3, 1863 National Academy of
Sciences (NASA) is founded in Wash DC with Alexander Bache as pres. [what
mo.?]
| |
Physical High |
(1859 - 1873) |
1861 Eberhard Faber,
German-American manufacturer, opens a factory in NY for the mass production
of pencils.
1861 There are now
more than 30,00 miles of railroad tracks in the US
1862 Am balloonist
Thaddeus Lowe makes a record balloon voyage from Cincinnati, Oh, to the SC
coast in 9 hrs.
1862 James Dana
pubs "Manuel of Geology"
1866 Steamship
"Great Eastern" reaches US completing the laying of the second Atlantic
cable between Eng and Am. First cable laid in 1858 was not effective.
| 3. Science & Technology 1860s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| 3. Science & Technology 1860s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| |
Intellectual 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1863 - 1874) |
1868 Mahlon Loomis,
NY inventor, demonstrates wireless communication with a telegraph and an
aerial he had invented.
1866 Sims performs
the first successful artificial insemination of a human being at the NY
Women's' Hosp.
1867 Alpheus
Hyatt, Mass. naturalist, founds the "American Naturalist" magazine.
| 3. Science & Technology 1860s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
| |
Physo-Intellectual
High |
(1863 - 1873) |
1864 Thomas Dougherty invents
the periscope.
1868-72 Air Brake
Patented by Geo. Westinghouse; improved 1872.
1869 Electric
Voting Machine invented by Thomas A. Edison. First voting machine authorized
for use, 1892.
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| 4. Mechanical 1860s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| |
Physical High |
(1859 - 1873) |
1869 The world's first
transcontinental railroad line is completed as the last spike is hammered in
at Promontory, Utah, by officials of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific
Railroads. Union Pacific crews had laid track eastward from California while
Central Pacific had worked westward from Nebraska.
1869 Noble Order of
Knights of Labor is formed secretly in Philadelphia. by a group of garment
cutter. Later a national org, its membership includes skilled and unskilled
workers.
1869 Arabella Mansfield is
admitted to the Iowa bar as the first woman lawyer since Margaret Brent.
| |
Physical 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1859 - 1866) |
1860 Repeating Rifle into by
Oliver F. Winchester (1810-80).
1861 Otis patents a
steam-powered elevator.
1861 Union vessel
"Monitor" and Conf "Merrimack" engage in first sea battle between ironclad
warships Battle in inconclusive.
10/4/61
Construction is authorized by the US Navy for an armored warship, the
“Monitor.”
1862 The "Monitor,"
an ironclad, steam-powered warship designed by John Ericsson, is launched.
It features a screw propeller and a revolving gun turret.
1862 Richard J.
Gatling, NC inventor, patents the 10-barrel "Gatling fun," a machine gun
that fires 250 shots per minute.
1862 Revolving
Machine Gun perfected by Richard J. Gatling (1818-1903).
1862 Colt's Conn.
factory is producing 1000 guns a day.
1/30/62 The Union
turreted ironclad ship, the “Monitor,” is launched.
3/9/62 In an
historic naval battle, the first between two fully armored warships, the
Federal “Monitor” and the Confederate “Merrimac” (called the “Virginia”
since it had been encased in iron) fight off Hampton Roads, Va. The
“Merrimac” finally withdraws after five hours of fighting; on May 11 it is
blown up to prevent its capture.
1863 Borden patents
a process for concentrating fruit juice.
1863 Alexander
Holley, NY engineer, purchases the American rights to the Bessemer
steelmaking process and produces America's first Bessemer steel two years
later.
1864 William F.
Durfee, Massachusetts engineer, produces Bessemer-like by using the
"Kelly's air-boiling process."
1864 Pa Railroad
begins using steel for its rails.
1864 The "Pullman
Car," the first comfortable railroad sleeping car is built by George
Pullman.
2/17/64 In the
first submarine attack of the war, the tiny Southern semi-submersible “H. L.
Huntley” sinks a Federal ship in Charleston Harbor w a torpedo, but herself
goes sown w all hands.
1865 Linus Yale,
Jr. Conn., locksmith, invents the cylinder lock.
1865 Compression
Ice Machine invented by Thaddeus Lowe (1832-1913), who made 1st artificial
ice in US an in 1873 invented carbureted water-gas process.
1865 Samuel Van
Syckel installs an oil pipeline near Titusville, Pa. The pipe is 5 miles
long and made of wrought iron.
1865 Union
Stockyards open in Chicago, Ill. They become the largest in the US serving
the cattle industry over a wide area. Chicago becomes the world's greatest
meat-producing and meat-packing center.
1865 The Civil War
has occasionally been labeled “the first modern war.” Just what are the
credentials it offers for such a claim, desirable or otherwise? On the
most literal level, there were quite a number of “firsts” in weaponry and
technology that would indeed seem to point the way to modern warfare.
Most soldiers fought the war w a mixed arsenal of weapons, many of which
dated back to at least the Am Rev - and some even to much earlier wars - and
many of the basic developments had in fact appeared well before the Civil
War started. These included such breakthroughs as the percussion cap,
replacing the flintlock; breech-loading small-arms as well as artillery;
rifled bores for more accurate shooting; and even repeating rifles; all
these received their major trial-by=fire in the Civil War, however.
But the first machine gun used in combat, the Williams Gun - invented
by a Captain Williams of the Confederate Army - can claim a solid first,
while the Gatling Fun that later served armies as a mechanical machine gun
was developed during the Civil War, although it did not see much action it
it. Simple rockets and crude hand grenades were also used at times but
neither of these were invented during the war nor did they count much in its
outcome.
1865
(cont. fr/above) At sea, there were several notable anticipations of modern
naval warfare, of which the first use of ironclads is only the best known.
Equally crucial for modern ships was the revolving turret of the “Monitor.”
Submarines were neither invented in the Civil War nor were they used for the
first time in a war. (The American David Bushnell had tried to sink a
British ship from his submarine during the Revolution.) But the
Confederates worked hard at perfecting a submarine, and even though their
best effort went down w the Union ship it sank in 1864, they showed what
might be done in future wars.
1865
(cont. fr/above) There were other important applications of new technology
that looked ahead to the future, too. Thaddeus Lowe was by no means the
first to fly in lighter-than-air balloons, but he was the first to use these
craft for doing reconnaissance work on enemy positions. Likewise, the
telegraph had been around for some years, but the Civil War was the first
was in which it played a crucial role. So, too, railroads were already
enjoying a robust adolescence, but it was during the Civil War that they
found themselves making a major contribution. Barbed wire
entanglements were also used for the first time in the Civil War, as were
land and water mines.
1865 (cont.fr.above)
But beyond such weaponry and technology, the Civil War saw the beginnings of
several innovations in tactics and strategy that would come to characterize
modern warfare. On the one hand, there was the first extensive use of
trenches, while on the other there were the flexible maneuvers of commanders
such as Sheridan and Sherman: the battles of the Am Civil War are still
studied by those preparing for possible wars. The naval blockade of
the South was so thorough and relatively successful that it, too, would
influence modern states in their conduct of war.
1865
(cont. fr/above) And what the blockade also represented was another of the
Civil War’s major claims on the future: perhaps its is redundant, but as
well as the “first modern” it is sometimes called the “first total” war.
This refers to the fact that it was not fought on remote fields by fairly
small armies - and often at pre-arranged times - but rather involved the
mobilization of large segments of both sides’ people and economies for an
extended period. Once this concept of “total war” is understood, many
other elements of the Civil War begin to reveal their modernity: the demand
for “unconditional surrender,” for instance or the almost incredible
casualties borne by both sides. And perhaps the most modern of all its
characteristics is the fact that the Civil War is the war that left the
double-barreled legacy of war as “hell” and war for a “noble cause.”
1866 Thaddeus S.
Lowe, balloonist and inventor, opens a factory in New Orleans to produce
artificial ice for commercial use.
| 4. Mechanical 1860s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| 4. Mechanical 1860s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| 4. Mechanical 1860s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
| |
Physical High with
Intellectual 1st Qtr.
Foundation |
(1863 - 1873) |
1865-75 Web Printing Press
(using web or roll of paper) invented by William A. Bullock (1813-63).
Rotary Press (printing on both sides of a sheet at the same time) attributed
to Andrew Campbell and Stephen d. Tucker (1875).
1866 Henry A.
House, Conn. manufacturer, develops as 12-horsepower steam automobile.
1866 America's
first refrigerated railroad car is built in Detroit, Mich.
1867 Beach exhibits
a pneumatic subway that is propelled through a tube by a fan. Although this
concept is largely ignored at the time, it is revived and modified 90 years
later.
1867 First elevated
railroad begins operating in NYC. Built by the West Side Elevated Railroad
Co., its single track runs from Battery Place to 30th St.
1868 Thomas Alva
Edison, creator of more than 1000 inventions, patents and electric voting
mach.
1868 George
Westinghouse, NY manufacturer, invents air brakes. (Improved 1872.)
1868 Christopher L.
Sholes, Pa. printer, patents and names the first practical typewriter.
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1860 First
kindergarten in England is established in Boston by Elizabeth P. Peabody. A
German kindergarten had been started in Wis. in 1856.
| 5. Education 1860s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| |
Physical 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1859 - 1866) |
1862
Morrill Land-Grant College Act provides for the endowment of colleges of
agriculture and industry.
| 5. Education 1860s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| |
Emotional High |
(1847 - 1865) |
1860 Olympia Brown, admitted
to St. Lawrence U, becomes the first woman to study theology along with men.
1861 Vassar College
is established in Poughkeepsie, NY, by Matthew Vassar. Vassar is the first
women's' college with facilities equal to those found in men's colleges.
| 5. Education 1860s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| |
Intellectual 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1863 - 1874) |
1865 Mass. Inst. of
Technology (MIT) opens with 15 students.
1867 Congress created the Department of Education.
1867 Howard U is
chartered in Wash, DC Named after Gen. Oliver O. Howard, its first pre, it
is the first predominantly Negroe college to offer comprehensive university
facilities.
| 5. Education 1860s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
| |
Physo-Intellectual
Dbl. 1st Qtr. Founation |
(1863 - 1866) |
7/2/62 Lincoln signs the Morrill Act, granting land to state
for establishing agricultural colleges.
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1864 First Baptist social union
composed entirely of laymen is established in Tremont Temple, Boston. It
reflects the growing influence of businessmen in church affairs, especially in
administrative posts.
1866 First Young
Women's Christian Ass (YMCA) opens in Boston. The org had its beginnings in
England.
| 6. Religion & Spirituality 1860s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| 6. Religion & Spirituality 1860s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| |
Emotional 3rd Qtr. Review |
(1865 - 1874) |
The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, established by settlers in New York, became the Reformed Church of America.
| 6. Religion & Spirituality 1860s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| 6. Religion & Spirituality 1860s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
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| 7. Arts & Design 1860s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| 7. Arts & Design 1860s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| |
Emotional High |
(1847 - 1865) |
1863
Artist James MacNeil Whistler causes a sensation in Paris with his painting,
“Little White Girl.”
| 7. Arts & Design 1860s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| 7. Arts & Design 1860s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
XXX 7. ARTS AND DESIGN POLYRHYTHMS INTRODUCTION
| |
Physical High with
Emotional Low |
(1865 - 1873) |
1865 George Inness breaks
from the Hudson R School with the paintings "Delaware Valley" (1865), and
"Peace and Plenty" (1865).
Instead, Inness
focused more on precise and majestic physical proportions.
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James Russell Lowell poet,
critic, and diplomat, whose major significance probably lies in the interest in
literature he helped develop. His writing up to about 1850 was dominated by
humanitarian interests, notably Abolition. In 1844, he was married to the poet
Maria White, who had helped inspire his poems in "A Year's Life" (1841). After a
three months' editorship (with Robert Carter) in 1843 of the abortive periodical
"The Pioneer," which attracted work by Hawthorne, Poe, and Whittier, Lowell
published "Conversations on Some of the Old Poets" (1845), which included pleas
for Abolition and for the transcendence of nationalism over utopianism. From
1845 to 1850 he wrote about 50 anti-slavery articles for periodicals. Even more
effective were his "Biglow Papers," which he began to serialize June 17, 1846
(first series collected in book form in 1848). Written in New England dialect,
these satirized the Mexican War as an attempt to extend the area of slavery. The
miraculous year" 1848 also saw the publication of the somewhat Tennysonian
"Vision of Sir Launfal" and the witty "Fable for Critics," urging American
reader to glorify native poets such as Whittier.
From 1850 to 1867,
Lowell turned to nationalism, or Unionism. A trip to England in 1851-52 made him
less anti-traditional, as "Leaves from My Italian Journal" (1854) suggests. His
second series of "Biglow Papers" (1867), devoted to Unionism and collected from
periodicals, include, "Sunthin' in the Pastoral Line," which, along with "New
England Two Centuries Ago" (1865), drew upon his native Puritan heritage of
ordered liberty, in contrast to the anarchy of disunion.
From about 1867 to the
end of his life, Lowell was influenced by the corruption of the Grant
administration, which proved that the Union did not automatically beget morally
strong citizens. He now centered his work on making the individual man "sole
sponsor of himself," on self-mastery in the midst of greed and perpetual
temptation. One of the chief means was tradition, the examples of the heroes of
the entire past, especially as embodied in literature. Thus, partly though his
editorship (with Charles Eliot Norton) of the "North American Review"
(1864-1872), Lowell published his critical essays on the great masters. Guided
by Edmund Burke and by Coleridge (the "first of critics"_, Lowell exalted the
Greeks' "sense of proportion, their distaste for the exaggerated"; Dante's sense
of free-willed responsibility in the face of inward conflict between appetite
and aspiration; and Shakespeare's view that this conflict can be resolved on the
human rather than the theological plane.
RAW^ [note: duplicate entry as
paragraphs in 1840s and 18590s[
1860 Emerson pubs "The
Conduct of Life," a series of essays which present the author’s moral and
ethical codes.
1861 Longfellow
translates "Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri" into Eng.
1863 Samuel Langhorne
Clemens, author and humorist, adopts the Mississippi riverboat term "Mark Twain"
as a penname.
1863 Longfellow pubs
"Tales of a Wayside Inn," the first poem of which is the classic "Paul Revere's
Ride."
1864 John Quincy Adams
Ward, sculptor, completes "Indian Hunter," which now stands in NYC's Central
Park.
1865 Mary Mapes Dodge
publishes "Hans Brinker; or The Silver Skates."
1865 In the last issue
of "The Liberator," Garrison declares "my vocation as an abolitionist is ended.
1865 Whitman pubs "Drum
Taps," a collection Civil War poems.
1865 J. Q. A. Ward
sculpts "Freedman" in honor of the freed slaves.
1866 Whittier's best
known poem, "Snowbound," earns him $10,000.
| 8. Literature & Publication 1860s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| 8. Literature & Publication 1860s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| |
Emotional High |
(1847 - 1865) |
1860 Dime novels are first
pub. They quickly become a popular form of entertainment.
1863 Still little
recognized as a poet, Walt Whitman works as a hospital volunteer, writing
heart-rending letters about his experiences. Herman Melville and Wm
Cullen Bryant pub wartime poems.
| |
Emotional 3rd Qtr. Review |
(1865 - 1874) |
1866 Alexander Wheelock
Thayer publishes the first volume of "The Life of Beethoven."
1866 Alexander
Gardner pubs "Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War."
1867 Sidney Lanier
pubs "Tiger-Lilies," a romance interwoven with the author's Civil War
experience.
1868
Adah Isaacs Menken
publishes "Infelicia," a collection of poems dedicated the Charles Dickens.
1869 Mark Twain
pubs "The Innocents Abroad," a collection of letters written during the
author's tour of Europe and the Holy Land.
1869 Louisa May
Alcott pubs "Little Women," one of the most popular girls' books ever
written.
1869 Josh Billings,
humorist, begins publication of "Josh Billings' Farmer's Almanac," a parody
of "The Old Farmer's Almanac."
| 8. Literature & Publication 1860s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| |
Intellectual 4th Qtr.
Alternatives |
(1852 - 1863) |
Emily Dickinson master of the
short lyric poem whose writing is characterized by passion, wit, and
scrupulous craftsmanship.
She began to write
verse about 1850, apparently inspired by the poetry of Ralph Waldo Emerson
and Emily Bronte. Her main themes were love, death, and nature. About 1860
she began to experiment with language and prosody. In 1862 she sent four
poems to Thomas W. Higginson, and became Emily's "preceptor" until her
death. Her greatest literary output (some 800 poems) coincided with the
civil war.
The poems of the
1850s are fairly conventional in sentiment and form, but beginning about
1860, they become experimental both in language and prosody, though they owe
much to the meters of the English hymn writer Isaac Watts and to Shakespeare
and the King James Version of the Bible. Emily’s prevailing poetic
form was the quatrain of three iambic feet, a type described in one of the
books by Watts in the family library. She used many other forms as
well, and to even the simpler hymnbook measures she gave complexity by
constantly altering the metrical beat to fit her thought:: now slow, now
fast, now hesitant. She broke new ground in her wide use of
off-rhymes, varying from the true in a variety of ways that also helped to
convey her thought and its tensions. In striving for an epigrammatic
conciseness , she stripped her language of superfluous words and saw to it
that those that remained were vivid and exact. She tampered freely
with syntax and liked to place a familiar word in an extraordinary context,
shocking the reader to attention and discovery
| |
Intellectual 4th Qtr.
Alternatives |
(1863 - 1874) |
1865 In "From the Earth to
the Moon," Jules Verne, Fr. author, predicts that America will lead the
conquest of space.
1866 The
Metropolitan Museum is founded in NYC.
1867 Horatio Alger
pubs "Ragged Dick; or, Street Life in New York," the first of many "rags to
riches" stories for boys. [note Physical High and 1st Qtr. also]
| 8. Literature & Publication 1860s |
Polyrhythms |
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1862 Theodore
Thomas develops the first highly professional orchestra in the country.
| 9. Entertainment 1860s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| |
Physical 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1859 - 1866) |
1865 Tony
Pastor, "father of American vaudeville,: opens a variety theater in NYC
featuring entertainment for men only.
| 9. Entertainment 1860s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| |
Emotional High |
(1847 - 1865) |
1860 Foster pubs the song
"Old Black Joe."
1861 Actress Isaacs
Adah Menken shocks Bostonian audiences when she appears when she appears
nearly naked on stage.
1863 Foster
composes the song "Beautiful Dreamer."
1866 Joseph
Jefferson becomes the most popular actor in the US with his depiction of Rip
Van Winkle.
| |
Emotional High |
(1865 - 1874) |
1867 "Slave Songs of the
United States," the first collection of Negro spirituals pub, includes the
still popular "Michael Row the Boat Ashore."
1868 Episcopal
clergyman Phillips Brooks writes the hymn "O Little Town of Bethlehem."
| 9. Entertainment 1860s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| |
Intellectual WHATEVER |
(1863 - 1874) |
1866 Franz Schwarzer,
Missouri eccentric opens a zither factory.
1867 The New Eng
Conservatory of Music in Boston is founded.
| 9. Entertainment 1860s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
| |
Physo-Emotional
High |
(1859 - 1865) |
1862 Julia Ward Howe writes
"Battle Hymn of the Republic"
1863 Thomas Bishop
writes the words to the Civil War ballad "When Johnny Comes Marching Home."
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| 10. Sports 1860s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| |
Physical High |
(1859 - 1873) |
1865
Interest in baseball mushrooms w the formation of 91 clubs with in the
National Association.
1867 "Ruthless" wins the
first annual Belmont Stakes for winnings valued at $1850.
1867 Record for
long-distance walking is set by Edward P. Weston who covers the distance
from Portland, Maine, to Chicago, Ill, in 26 days, winning $10,000.
1868 Popularity of
ice skating leads to the meeting of an Am skating congress in Pittsburgh,
Pa., to establish regulations for the sport.
1868 New sport of "velocipeding"
(cycling) becomes popular. Schools for all ages and both sexes are set up
throughout the large cities.
1868 First annual
track and field meet (indoors) is held by the NY Athletic Club.
1869 First all-pro
baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, is founded. Baseball has been
played only by amateurs since 1839.
1869 First
intercollegiate football game is played at New Brunswick, NY, between
Rutgers and Princeton. Rutgers wins 6 to 4.
| |
Physical 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1859 - 1866) |
The formal football
organization in the U.S., the Oneida Football Club of Boston, was founded in
1862. Various forerunners to football had existed prior to this which had
evolved from English rugby.
1860 Croquet is
introduced from Eng and becomes very popular.
1862 The first
enclosed baseball field opens in Brooklyn, NY
1863 Roller skating
is introduced into Am by James L. Plimpton, who invents the 4-wheel skate.
1863 Joe Coburn
wins the American boxing championship from Mike McCoole in a 63-round match
in Charleston, Md.
1864 First croquet
club is founded in Brooklyn, NY.
1864 Travers Stakes
is established at the first race track in Saratoga, NY.
1865 Interest in
baseball takes tremendous upsurge after the war. There are 91 clubs included
in the national association.
| 10. Sports 1860s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| 10. Sports 1860s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| 10. Sports 1860s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
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| 11. Fashion 1860s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| |
Physical High |
(1859 - 1873) |
1865
Beads become fashionable just after the war.
| 11. Fashion 1860s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| 11. Fashion 1860s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| |
Intellectual 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1863 - 1875) |
1863
Ebenezer Butterick of Sterling, Massachusetts invents the first paper dress
patterns sold in US. [what mo.?]
| 11. Fashion 1860s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
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pop. US about 31.4 million
Until the opening years
of the 19th century, no city in the world had ever held a million people; by the
end there were 18 of them. London reached its million shortly after 1800, Paris
around 1930, New York around 1860 and then, in the final quarter of the 19th
century, another 15 places burst through the barrier. The million-strong
metropolis had become the norm. Really big cities had several millions: London,
for example, had 6 1/2, New York 4 1/4, Paris and Berlin 3 or more each.
These Victorian cities
were constantly changing their character. The development of new forms of public
transport - the horse drawn omnibus and the train in the mid-19th century, then
the electric tram in the 1880's - freed the people from the tyranny of the walk
to work and created suburban man. The numbers living in the city centers started
to fall, the centers themselves were rebuilt with more offices and less
dwellings, ever widening belts of middle income housing spread into the
countryside. Overall densities fell; the quality of life improved.
RAW^
10/3/63 Pres Lincoln
proclaims the last Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day.
1866 Cholera Epidemic
strikes many cities. About 200 people die each day in St. Louis, Mo, during the
worst of the epidemic.
1868 New England
Woman's Club is founded. Its objective is to concentrate and promote the efforts
or women to win recognition of their rights.
| 12. Lifestyles 1860s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| |
Physical 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1859 - 1866) |
1860 Pony Express begins fast
overland mail service from St. Joseph. Missouri., to Sacramento, Ca., a
distance of more than 1900 mi. When the transcontinental telegraph is
completed a year later, the Pony Express is discontinued.
4/3/60 The Pony
Express mail service begins and thrives before the transcontinental
telegraph line is in operation in 1861. Riders cover the route between
St Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, Ca, in about 8 days.
1861 US mails begin
to carry merchandise as well as letters.
1864 Kights of
Pythias, a fraternal order, is founded in Wash. DC.
1865 First fire
dept with paid firefighters is established in New York City
1865 First railroad
train holdup takes place at down in North Bend, Ohio, when an Ohio and Miss.
train is derailed. Male passengers are robbed and the express car is looted.
| 12. Lifestyles 1860s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| |
Emotional 3rd Qtr. Review |
(1865 - 1874) |
1866 Am Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is established in NYC by Henry
Bergh.
9/1/69 Riding a
rising tide of public opinion, the National Temperance Convention meets in
Chicago to form the Prohibition Party.
| 12. Lifestyles 1860s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| 12. Lifestyles 1860s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
| |
Trirhythmic WHATEVER |
(XXX) |
12/4/67 Oliver Hudson Kelley, an obscure young clerk in the
government’s Agriculture Department, resigns his job to found the Patrons of
Husbandry. It begins as a secret society w the usual rituals and
trappings, but will ultimately become the voice of the farmer across the
land, and will tangle successfully w the formidable railroad cabal.
The Grange, as it will subsequently become named, starts out as an
educational social, non-political society which even admits women. At
first it attracts few members but when it undertakes to challenge the
Goliaths of industry, suspicion dissipates and only six years after its slow
inception at Fedonia, New York, the Grange Movement has enrolled 858,000
members into its ranks.
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1850s